Directors The Senior Persons Of The Company-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Directors The Senior Persons Of The Company? Answer: Introducation The law considers the company as an artificial person which has distinct rights and duties from its stakeholders and directors. It is the important rule of the law that a company will have separate lawful existence but on the other hand the company does all activities through its stakeholder as, the company cannot do all its activities or dealings by itself. It can take all the actions by its members thus the company is introduced in corporate field by the work of its members. All important persons of the company who regulate the activities and who have control over all the dealings related to company are considered as the key personnels in the company. These are the directors and the senior persons of the company hence due to huge influence over the companys activities, the law considered all the director and senior persons as the directing mind and will of the company. Further, the theory of identification came from the very famous case where the court laid down that the company is known for its workers activities (Lennard's Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd (1915) AC 705). In the current case, the Supreme Court held liable all the stakeholders of the company as the client of the company suffered loss due to the investment scheme of the company (Sugarloaf Hill Nominees Pty Ltd v Rewards Projects Ltd(2011)WASC). Piercing of corporate veil The corporate veil is a legal thought in the corporational law which creates the boundaries between the company and companys member and automatically creates a separate legal entity for the company that too different from its stakeholders. Through corporate veil all the working person of the company can defend themselves from the liability in matter of debt and any other duty and also the stakeholder cannot be held liable for anything more than the shares that they hold in the company thus a stakeholder of the company cannot be held liable personally but on the other hand this is not an absolute aid if the activities of the company prejudice any provision of law or the organization is engaged in any illegal activity then the court has the power to make stakeholders personally liable for even more than his share contributed in the company. Further, there are two legal processes which lead to the cessation of the existence of corporate veil. The first process is lifting the corporate veil in which the court does not consider limited liability section and made responsible every member for the actions of the company as has been done by the member of the company Whereas in the second procedure of piercing corporate veil the court recognizes the power and obligation of the organization as the duty and right of the member. Thus the legal process of piercing corporate veil is the most controversial and prosecuted process in the commercial field as it is the most extensively used theory to recognize the responsibility of the member of the company (SSRN n.d). Reference Davidson, L., 2014, Piercing the corporate veil, viewed 14 September 2017, from: file:///C:/Users/Disha%20Goyal_JPR/Downloads/corporate_structures_piercing_veil_october2004%20(2).pdf Lennard's Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd (1915) AC 705 SSRN n.d., Lifting of Corporate Veil, viewed 14 September 2017, from: https://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=652087122068025070070081106103014027024044014043036071094111022081093091026005095126123009016061033059096098070091088069 115105106027069082063116025013113009014108092025086046083084075068086080118106111064102118126117112114119091105025100070006017 064004EXT=pdf Sugarloaf Hill Nominees Pty Ltd v Rewards Projects Lt

Art Strike In Nyc Essay Example For Students

Art Strike In Nyc Essay Haril PatelStrike In Modern Art Museum Of New YorkThe Professional and Administrative Staff Association (PASTA) of The Museum of Modern Art (MoMa) represting 250 administrative assistants, archivists, curatorial staff, conservators, educators, graphic artists, librarians, salespeople, secretaries, visitor assistants and writers. Their union started the strike on April 28, 2000. The central issues involve salaries, healthcare, the threat of layoffs and union rights. The old contract expired October 31 1999. This is the first major strike at the museum since 1973. The Professional and Administrative Staff Association (PASTA), which is Local 2110 of the United Auto Workers, represent the strikers. They comprise a varied workforce of administrative assistants, archivists, curators, conservators, graphic artists, librarians, salespeople, secretaries, visitors assistants and writers. PASTA is one of six unions in the museum. The members of the other five bargaining units are continuing to work. The workers have rejected the museums offer of a three percent raise a year for three years, and is demanding five percent for the first year and four percent for the subsequent years in a five-year contract. The strikers believe that this demand is more than justified considering the very low wages they receive, which they say are even lower than what is paid in other museums for comparable work. The median wage for the employees is $28,000 a year, and the starting salary for 40 of the workers is $17,000 a year which is nothing. Furthermore, the union says that the museum is refusing to maintain the employees health insurance and other benefits. PASTA maintains that MoMA has been very successful in its investments, and could easily afford a decent salary hike while maintaining benefits. The workers feel that their wages are being held down while the managers are more than amply compensated. Another issue provoking the strike is job security. The museum is undergoing a $650 million expansion project for at least two years, and is planning relocate to Queens from its present location in Manhattan during that period of time. The union fears that the jobs of many of its members will be lost, and wants a guarantee that the workers will be able to return to their positions when the project is completed. The union is seeking a five-year contract in order to ensure that any job security clause will not expire before the project has been completed. This way everyone will know they have a job when they come back and not be in fear that they will be jobless. This is one of the major issues. PASTA wants the museum to agree that all new workers be required to either join the union or, if they dont join, be required to pay an equivalent monetary amount of the dues as an agency fee that goes to the union. At the same time, PASTA has filed charges with the National Labor Relations Board charging the museum with not bargaining in good faith by attempting to bypass the union and negotiate with individual employees. The strike has forced the museum to cancel a fundraising event starring the singer Sheryl Crow. MoMA officials said that they did not want Ms. Crow or the ticket holders to have to cross a picket line, and refunded 450 tickets with prices ranging from $500 to $1,000 each!Other than this event, some workers on the picket line have stated that it is difficult for them to judge how many people they have managed to discourage from going into the museum. MoMA officials are maintaining that the museum is running normally, and that ninety of the two hundred and sixty workers that are represented by the bargaining unit are working. Union officials dispute the claim that the strike is having no effect on the institution and say that only thirty workers are crossing the picket line. .uc273e5637c0bd1f7dc874093f104abb7 , .uc273e5637c0bd1f7dc874093f104abb7 .postImageUrl , .uc273e5637c0bd1f7dc874093f104abb7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc273e5637c0bd1f7dc874093f104abb7 , .uc273e5637c0bd1f7dc874093f104abb7:hover , .uc273e5637c0bd1f7dc874093f104abb7:visited , .uc273e5637c0bd1f7dc874093f104abb7:active { border:0!important; } .uc273e5637c0bd1f7dc874093f104abb7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc273e5637c0bd1f7dc874093f104abb7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc273e5637c0bd1f7dc874093f104abb7:active , .uc273e5637c0bd1f7dc874093f104abb7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc273e5637c0bd1f7dc874093f104abb7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc273e5637c0bd1f7dc874093f104abb7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc273e5637c0bd1f7dc874093f104abb7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc273e5637c0bd1f7dc874093f104abb7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc273e5637c0bd1f7dc874093f104abb7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc273e5637c0bd1f7dc874093f104abb7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc273e5637c0bd1f7dc874093f104abb7 .uc273e5637c0bd1f7dc874093f104abb7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc273e5637c0bd1f7dc874093f104abb7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Construction Quality Assessment System Construction EssayOne striker, Ela Respina, a photographer with one year at the museum, said, Our salaries are quite low. MoMA is penny pitching on our wages. The museum has made a lot of money in the last couple of years, and this is on public record. One problem is that all the other unions have contracts that expire at different times, and so they are working. The guards have a no-strike clause in their

Topic Research for University Students

Topic Research for University StudentsWhen it comes to writing a successful essay, topic research is an essential tool. Researching your topic is the first step in writing an interesting essay. The best essays are those that contain interesting facts or details that make it interesting and more readers will want to read it.A short essay is easier to write than longer ones, as you only need to be able to highlight your ideas in one or two pages. But long essays are normally easier to write because you have the whole length of a book or a novel to work with, and a long essay is a good example of how a short essay can become a long one if done well. Even if it looks like the last sentence is the most important, take your time in writing it. Never rush.There are several things to think about when doing a topic to research on an interesting topic for your essay. First of all, you should know why you want to write the essay. You must come up with a topic based on what you want to accomplis h and then focus on writing a great essay. Keep in mind that what you are writing will be the basis of your paper and must be convincing enough to persuade the reader.Most of the time, a person will need to do research on a topic that is specific to their own experience. By knowing your own situation, you can better explain your topic to the readers. If your experience is different from what others may experience, you will need to find out your own opinion of the subject, which will be important in writing a persuasive essay.Secondly, you should focus on presenting facts and data. Presenting your topic as a simple facts and data is a good way to start with. It will help you focus and stay focused on the topic. This is also where the specific topic will come into play. Thirdly, you should concentrate on linking your personal experience with your topic. The main idea is to write an essay that makes sense and is able to prove that you have an explanation on the subject. To do this, you must write a good introduction and follow it up with a conclusion. The conclusion will be the most important part of your essay, and it should be able to prove your points by demonstrating why you believe what you are stating.Finally, you should consider the main theme of your topic. In doing this, you should first focus on developing the theme of your topic. Once you have already decided what the main theme of your topic is, you should then focus on finding facts and data that relate to the theme. Your main theme is the focus of your topic research.Once you have finished your topic research, it is now time to get to the main idea of your big idea. After you have identified the main idea of your topic, you can then focus on the small details of the research you did. The smaller details are usually the parts of an essay that really make a difference. For example, do you think it would be more effective to include one quote from your professor or another quote that helps support your point?

Wiki free essay sample

Text is usually written using a simplified markup language or a rich-text editor. [1][2] While a wiki is a type of content management system, it differs from a blog or most other such systems in that the content is created without any defined owner or leader, and wikis have little implicit structure, allowing structure to emerge according to the needs of the users. The encyclopedia project Wikipedia is the most popular wiki on the public web in terms of page views[citation needed], but there are many sites running many different kinds of wiki software. A wiki is not a carefully crafted site for casual visitors. Instead, it seeks to involve the visitor in an ongoing process of creation and collaboration that constantly changes the Web site landscape. A wiki enables communities to write documents collaboratively, using a simple arkup language and a web browser. A single page in a wiki website is referred to as a wiki page, while the entire collection of pages, which are usually well interconnected by hyperlinks, is the wiki. We will write a custom essay sample on Wiki or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A wiki is essentially a database for creating, browsing, and searching through information. A wiki allows non-linear, evolving, complex and networked text, argument and interaction. [6] A defining characteristic of wiki technology is the ease with which pages can be created and updated. Generally, there is no review before modifications are accepted. Many wikis are open to alteration by the general public without requiring egistration of user accounts. Many edits can be made in real-time and appear almost instantly online. This can facilitate abuse of the system. Private wiki servers require user authentication to edit pages, and sometimes even to read them. Maged N. Kamel Boulos, Cito Maramba and Steve Wheeler write that the open wikis produce a process ot Social Darwinism. Untit sentences and sections are ruthlessly culled, edited and replaced if they are not considered fit, which hopefully results in the evolution of a higher quality and more relevant page. Whilst such openness may nvite vandalism and the posting of untrue information, this same openness also makes it possible to rapidly correct or restore a quality wiki page. [7] Editing wiki pages Some wikis have an edit button or link directly on the page being viewed, if the user has permission to edit the page. This leads to an editing page which allows participants to structure and format wiki pages with a simplified markup language, sometimes known as wikitext (for example, starting a line of text with an asterisk often sets up a bulleted list). The style and syntax of wikitexts can vary greatly among iki implementations,[example needed] some of which also allow HTML tags. Wik is favour plain-text editing, with fewer and simpler conventions than HTML, for indicating style and structure. Although limiting access to HTML and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) of wikis limits user ability to alter the structure and formatting of wiki content, there are some benefits. Limited access to CSS promotes consistency in the look and feel, and having JavaScript disabled prevents a user from implementing code that may limit other users access. MediaWiki syntax Equivalent HTML Rendered output Take some more [[tea]], the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly. Ive had nothing yet, Alice replied in an offended tone, so I cant take more. You mean you cant take less? said the Hatter. Its very easy to take more than nothing. Take some more tea, the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly. Ive had nothing yet, Alice replied in an offended tone, so I cant take more. You mean you cant take less? said the Hatter. Its very easy to take more than Wikis can make WYSIvWG editing available to users, usually by means of JavaScript or n ActiveX control that translates graphically entered format ting instructions into the corresponding HTML tags or wikitext. In those implementations, the markup of a newly edited, marked-up version of the page is generated and submitted to the server transparently, shielding the user from this technical detail. However, WYSIWG controls do not always provide all of the features available in wikitext, and some users prefer not to use a WYSIvWG editor. Hence, many of these sites offer some means to edit the wikitext direc y Some wikis keep a record of changes made to wiki pages; often, every version of the page is stored. This means that authors can revert to an older version of the page, should it be necessary because a mistake has been made or the page has been vandalized. Many implementations, like MediaWiki, allow users to supply an edit summary when they edit a page; this is a short piece of text summarising the changes. It is not inserted into the article, but is stored along with that revision of the page, allowing users to explain what has been done and why; this is similar to a log message when making changes to a revision-control system. Navigation Within the text of most pages there are usually a large number of hypertext links to ther pages. This form of non-linear navigation is more native to wiki than structured/formalized navigation schemes. That said, users can also create any number of index or table-of-contents pages, with hierarchical categorization or whatever form of organization they like. These may be challenging to maintain by hand, as multiple authors create and delete pages in an ad hoc manner. Wikis can provide one or more ways to categorize or tag pages to support the maintenance of such index pages. Some wikis have a backlink feature, which displays all pages that link to a given page. It is typical in a wiki to create links to pages that do not yet exist, as a way to invite others to share what they know about a subject new to the wiki. Linking and creating Links are created using a specific syntax, the so-called link pattern (also see CURIE). Originally, most wikis[citation needed] used CamelCase to name pages and create links. These are produced by capitalizing words in a phrase and removing the spaces between them (the word CamelCase is itself an example). While CamelCase makes linking very easy, it also leads to links which are written in a form that deviates from he standard spelling. To link to a page with a single-word title, one must abnormally capitalize one of the letters in the word (e. g. WiKi instead of Wiki). CamelCase- based wikis are instantly recognizable because they have many links with names such as TableOfContents and BeginnerQuestions. It is possible for a wiki to render the visible anchor of such links pretty by reinserting spaces, and possibly also reverting to lower case. However, this reprocessing of the link to improve the readability of the anchor is limited by the loss of capitalization information caused by CamelCase reversal. For example, RichardWagner should be rendered as Richard Wagner, whereas PopularMusic should be rendered as popular music. There is no easy way to determine which capital letters should remain capitalized. As a result, wikis now have free linking using brackets, and some disable CamelCase by default. Searching Most wikis offer at least a title search, and sometimes a full-text search. The scalability of the search depends on whether the wiki engine uses a database. Some wikis, such as PmWiki, use tlat tiles. [8] MediaWikis tirst versions used tlat tiles, but it as rewritten by Lee Daniel Crocker in the early 2000s to be a database application. Indexed database access is necessary for high speed searches on large wikis. Alternatively, external search engines such as Google Search can sometimes be used on wikis with limited searching functions in order to obtain more precise results. History Main article: History of wikis Wiki Wiki Shuttle at Honolulu International Airport WikiWikiWeb was the first wiki. 9] Ward Cunningham started developing WikiWikiWeb in Portland, Oregon, in 1994, and installed it on the Internet domain c2. com on March 25, 1995. It was named by Cunningham, who remembered a Honolulu International Airport counter employee telling him to take the Wiki Wiki Shuttle bus that runs between the airports terminals. According to Cunningham, l chose wiki-wiki as an alliterative substitute for quick and thereby avoided naming this stuff quick- Cunningham was in part inspired by Apples HyperCard, which he had used before but which was single-user. 12] Apple had designed a system allowing users to create virtual card stacks supporting links among the various cards. Cunningham developed Vannevar Bushs ideas by allowing users to comment on and change one nothers Cunningham says his goals were to link together the experiences of multiple people to create a new literature to document programming patterns, and to harness peoples natural desire to talk and tell stories with a technology that would feel comfortable to those not used to authoring . 12] Wikipedia became the most famous wiki site, entering the top ten most popular websites in 2007. In the early 2000s, wikis were increasingly adopted in enterprise as collaborative software. Common uses included project communication, intranets, and documentati on, initially for technical users. Some companies use wikis as their only collaborative software and as a replacement for static intranets, and some schools and universities use wikis to enhance group learning. There may be greater use of wikis behind firewalls than on the public Internet. On March 15, 2007, the word wiki was listed in the online Oxford English Dictionary. [14] Implementations Wiki software is a type of collaborative software that runs a wiki system, allowing web pages to be created and edited using a common web browser. It may be implemented as a series of scripts behind an existing web server, or as a standalone pplication server that runs on one or more web servers. The content is stored in a file system, and changes to the content are stored in a relational database management system. A commonly implemented software package is MediaWiki, which runs Wikipedia. See the List of wiki software for further information. Alternatively, personal wikis run as a standalone application on a single computer. WikidPad is an example. Or even single local HTML file with JavaScript inside like Tiddlywiki. Wikis can also be created on a wiki tarm, where the server side sottware is implemented by the wiki farm owner. PBwiki, Socialtext, Wetpaint, and Wikia are popular examples of such services. Some wiki farms can also make private, password-protected wikis. Note that free wiki farms generally contain advertising on every page. For more information, see Comparison of wiki farms. Trust and security Controlling changes Recent changes redirects here. For the Wikipedia help page, see Help:Recent changes. History comparison reports highlight the changes between two revisions of a page. Wikis are generally designed with the philosophy of making it easy to correct mistakes, rather than making it difficult to make them. Thus, while wikis are very pen, they provide a means to verify the validity of recent additions to the body of pages. The most prominent, on almost every wiki, is the Recent Changes page†a specific list numbering recent edits, or a list of edits made within a given time frame. [1 5] Some wikis can filter the list to remove minor edits and edits made by automatic importing scripts (bots). [16] From the change log, other functions are accessible in most wikis: the revision history shows previous page versions and the diff feature highlights the changes between two revisions. Using the revision history, an editor can view and restore a previous ersion of the article. The diff feature can be used to decide whether or not this is necessary. A regular wiki user can view the diff of an edit listed on the Recent Changes page and, if it is an unacceptable edit, consult the history, restoring a previous revision; this process is more or less streamlined, depending on the wiki software used. [17] In case unacceptable edits are missed on the recent changes page, some wiki engines provide additional content control. It can be monitored to ensure that a page, or a set of pages, keeps its quality. A person willing to maintain pages will be arned of modifications to the pages, allowing him or her to verify the validity of new editions quickly. [18] A watchlist is a common implementation of this. Some wikis also implement patrolled revisions, in which editors with the requisite credentials can mark some edits as not vandalism. A flagged revisions system can prevent edits from going live until they have been reviewed. [19] Trustworthiness Critics of publicly editable wiki systems argue that these systems could be easily tampered with, while proponents argue that the community of users can catch malicious content and correct it. ] Lars Aronsson, a data systems specialist, summarizes the controversy as follows: Most people, when they first learn about the wiki concept, assume that a Web site that can be edited by anybody would soon be rendered useless by destructive input. It sounds like ottering tree spray cans next to a grey concrete wall. The only likely outcome would be ugly gr affiti and simple tagging, and many artistic efforts would not be long lived. Still, it seems to work very well. [9] High editorial standards in medicine have led to the idea of expert-moderated wikis. 20] Some wikis allow one to link to specific versions of articles, which has been seful to the scientific community, in that expert peer reviewers could analyse articles, improve them and provide links to the trusted version of that article. [21] Noveck points out that participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have a vested interest in preserving the quality of the work product, on the basis of their ongoing participation. On controversial topics that have been subject to disruptive editing, a wiki may restrict editing to registered users. 22] Security The open philosophy of wiki allowing anyone to edit content, does not ensure that every editors intentions are well-mannered. For example, vandalism (changing wiki content to something offensive or nonsensical) can be a major problem. On larger wiki sites, such as those run by the Wikimedia Foundation, vandalism can go unnoticed for some period of time. Wikis, because of their open access nature, are susceptible to intentional disruption, known as trolling. Wikis tend to take a soft- security[23][unreliable source] approach to the problem of vandalism; making damage easy to undo rather than attempting to prevent damage. Larger wikis often employ sophisticated methods, such as bots that automatically identify and revert andalism and JavaScript enhancements that show characters that have been added in each edit. In this way vandalism can be limited to Just minor vandalism or sneaky vandalism, where the characters added/eliminated are so few that bots do not identify them and users do not pay much attention to them. [24][unreliable source] The amount of vandalism a wiki receives depends on how open the wiki is. For instance, some wikis allow unregistered users, identified by their IP addresses, to edit content, whilst others limit this function to Just registered users. Most wikis allow nonymous editing without an account,[25] but give registered users additional editing functions; on most wikis, becoming a registered user is a short and simple process. Some wikis require an additional waiting period before gaining access to certain tools. For example, on the English Wikipedia, registered users can rename pages only if their account is at least four days old. Other wikis such as the Portuguese Wikipedia use an editing requirement instead of a time requirement, granting extra tools after the user has made a certain number of edits to prove their trustworthiness and usefulness as an editor. Vandalism of Wikipedia is common (though policed and usually reverted) because it is extremely open, allowing anyone with a computer and Internet access to edit it, but making it grow rapidly. In contrast, Citizendium requires an editors real name and short autobiography, affecting the growth of the wiki but sometimes helping stop vandalism. Edit wars can also occur as users repetitively revert a page to the version they tavor. Some wiki software allows an administrator to stop such edit wars by locking a page from further editing until a decision has been made on what version of the page ould be most appropriate. [6] Some wikis are in a better position than others to control behavior due to governance structures existing outside the wiki. For instance, a college teacher can create incentives for students to behave themselves on a class wiki they administer, by limiting editing to logged-in users and pointing out that all contributions can be traced back to the contributors. Bad behavior can then be dealt with in accordance with university policies. [8] Potential malware vector Malware can also be problem, as users can add links to sites hosting malicious code. For example, a German Wikipedia article about the Blaster Worm was edited to include a hyperlink to a malicious website. Users of vulnerable Microsoft Windows systems who followed the link would be infected. [6] A countermeasure is the use of software that prevents users from saving an edit that contains a link to a site listed on a blacklist of malware sites. 26] Communities Applications The English Wikipedia has the largest user base among wikis on the World Wide Web[27] and ranks in the top 10 among all Web sites in terms of update] Other large wikis include the WikiWikiWeb, Memory Alpha, Wikivoyage and Susning. nu, a Swedish-language knowledge base. Medical and health-related wiki examples include Ganfyd, an online collaborative medical reference that is edited by medical professionals and inv ited non-medical experts. [7] Many wiki communities are private, particularly within enterprises. They are often used as internal documentation for in-house systems and applications. Some companies use wikis to allow customers to help produce software documentation. [29] A study of corporate wiki users found that they could be divided into synthesizers and adders of content. Synthesizers frequency of contribution was affected more by their impact on other wiki users, while adders contribution frequency was affected more by being able to accomplish their immediate work. [30] In 2005, the Gartner Group, noting the increasing popularity of wikis, estimated that they would become mainstream collaboration tools in at least 50% of companies by update] Wikis can be used for project management. 32][33] [unreliable source] Wikis have also been used in the academic community for sharing and dissemination of information across institutional and international boundaries. 34] In those settings, they have been found useful for collaboration on grant writing, strategic planning, departmental documentation, and committee work. [35] In the mid-2000s, the increasing trend amongst industries toward collaboration was placing a heavier impetus upon educators to make students proficient in collaborative work, inspiring even greater interest in wikis being used in the classroom. 6] Wikis have found some use within the legal profession, and within government. Examples include the Central Intelligence Agencys Intellipedia, designed to share nd collect intelligence, dKospedia, which was used by the American Civil Liberties Union to assist with review of documents pertaining to internment of detainees in Guantanamo Bay;[36] and the wiki of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, used to post court rules and allow practitioners to comment and ask questions. The United States Patent and Trademark Office operates Peer-to-patent, a wiki to allow the public to collaborate on finding prior art relevant to examination of pending patent applications. Queens, New York has used a wiki to allow citizens to ollaborate on the design and planning of a local park. Cornell Law School founded a wiki-based legal dictionary called Wex, whose growth has been hampered by restrictions on who can edit. 22] WikiNodes WikiNodes are pages on wikis that describe related wikis. They are usually organized as neighbors and delegates. A neighbor wiki is simply a wiki that may discuss similar content or may otherwise be of interest. A delegate wiki is a wiki that agrees to have certain content delegated to that wiki. [37] One way of finding a wiki on a specific subject is to follow the wiki-node network from iki to wiki; another is to take a Wiki bus tour, for example: Wikipedias Tour Bus Stop. Participants The four basic types of users who participate in wikis are reader, author, wiki administrator and system administrator. The system administrator is responsible for installation and maintenance of the wiki engine and the container web server. The wiki administrator maintains wiki content and is provided additional functions pertaining to pages (e. g. page protection and deletion), and can adjust users access rights by, for instance, blocking them from editing. [38] Growth factors A study of several hundred wikis showed that a relatively high number of administrators for a given content size is likely to reduce growth;[39] that access controls restricting editing to registered users tends to reduce growth; that a lack of such access controls tends to fuel new user registration; and that higher administration ratios (i. e. admins/user) have no significant effect on content or population growth. [40] Conferences Conferences and meetings about wikis in general include: The International Symposium on Wikis (WikiSym), a conference dedicated to wiki research and practice in general. RecentChangesCamp, an unconference on wiki- related topics Conterences on specitlc wiki sites and applications include: Atlassian Summit, an annual conference for users of Atlassian software, including Confluence[41] RegioWikiCamp, a semi-annual unconference on regiowikis, or wikis on cities and other geographic areas. [42] SMWCon, a bi-annual conference for users and developers of Semantic MediaWiki. [43] TikiFest, a frequently held meeting for users and developers of Tiki Wiki CMS Groupware. [44] Wikimania, an annual conference dedicated to the research and practice of Wikimedia Foundation rojects like Wikipedia. Rules Wikis typically have a set of rules governing user behavior. Wikipedia, for instance, has a labyrinthine set of policies and guidelines summed up in its five pillars: Wikipedia is an encyclopedia; Wikipedia has a neutral point of view; Wikipedia is free content; Wikipedians should interact in a respectful and civil manner; and Wikipedia does not have firm rules. Many wikis have adopted a set of commandments. For instance, Conservapedia commands, among other things, that its editors use B. C. rather than B. C. E. when referring to years prior to the common era and refrain rom unproductive One teacher instituted a commandment for a class wiki, Wiki unto others as you would have them wiki unto you. [8] Legal environment Joint authorship of articles, in which different users participate in correcting, editing, and compiling the finished product, can also cause editors to become tenants in common of the copyright, making it impossible to republish without the permission of all co-o wners, some of whose identities may be unknown due to pseudonymous or anonymous editing. 6] However, where persons contribute to a collective work such s an encyclopedia, there is no Joint ownership if the contributions are separate and distinguishable. [46] Despite most wikis tracking of individual contributions, the action of contributing to a wiki page is still arguably one of Jointly correcting, editing, or compiling which would give rise to Joint ownership. Some copyright issues can be alleviated through the use of an open content license. Version 2 of the GNU Free Documentation License includes a specific provision for wiki relicensing; Creative Commons licenses are also popular. When no license is specified, an implied license to read and add content to a wiki may be deemed to xist on the grounds of business necessity and the inherent nature of a wiki, although the legal basis for such an implied license may not exist in all circumstances. citation needed] Wikis and their users can be held liable for certain activities that occur on the wiki. If a wiki owner displays indifference and forgoes controls (such as banning copyright infringers) that he could have exercised to stop copyright infringement, he may be deemed to have authorized infringement, especially if the wiki is primarily used to infringe copyrights or obtains direct financial benefit, such as advertising revenue,

Donald Trump Promises - List and Details

Donald Trump Promises - List and Details President-elect Donald Trump made a lot of promises while he was running for office in the 2016 election. Some political observers counted hundreds of Trump promises. Trump promised major action on everything from illegal immigration to coal mining to bringing jobs back from overseas to building a wall along the Mexican border to launching an investigation of his opponent in the presidential election, Hillary Clinton. Which promises has Trump kept in the days since he  took office on Jan. 20, 2017? Heres a look at six of the biggest, and probably the most difficult to keep, Trump promises. Repeal Obamacare This was a biggie for Trump and his supporters. Trump repeatedly called the Patient Protection Affordable Care Act, otherwise known as Obamacare, a disaster.   One thing we have to do: Repeal and replace the disaster known as Obamacare. Its destroying our country. Its destroying our businesses. You take a look at the kind of numbers that that will cost us in the year 17, it is a disaster. Its probably going to die of its own weight. But Obamacare has to go. The premiums are going up 60, 70, 80 percent. Bad health care at the most expensive price. We have to repeal and replace Obamacare. Trump has promised a full repeal of Obamacare. He has also promised to replace the program by expanding the use of Health Savings Accounts;  allowing policyholders to  deduct health insurance premium payments from their tax returns; and permit shopping for plans across state lines.   Build a Wall Trump promised to construct a wall along the entire length of the United States border with Mexico and then force Mexico to reimburse taxpayers for the cost. The president of Mexico, Enrique Peà ±a Nieto, has openly stated his country will not pay for the wall.  Ã‚  At the beginning of the conversation with Donald Trump, he said in August 2016, I made clear that Mexico would not pay for the wall. Clintons position on immigration was much different; she mocked the wall and supported a path to citizenship. Bring Jobs Back   Trump promised to bring thousands of job back to the United States that had been shipped overseas by American companies. He also promised to stop American companies from shifting positions overseas through the use of tariffs. I will bring jobs back from China. I will bring jobs back from Japan. I will bring jobs back from Mexico. Im going to bring jobs back and Ill start bringing them back very fast, Trump said. Cut Taxes On the Middle Class Trump has promised to drastically cut taxes on the middle class. A middle-class family with 2 children will get a 35 percent tax cut, Trump said. He promised the relief as part of a Middle Class Tax Relief And Simplification Act. Isn’t that nice? Trump said. It’s about time. The middle class in our country has been devastated. End Political Corruption in Washington His battle cry: Drain the swamp! Trump promised to work to end corruption in Washington, D.C. To do that, he said he would seek a constitutional amendment imposing term limits on members of Congress. He also said he would ban White House and congressional staffers from lobbying within five years of leaving their government positions, and place lifetime bans on White House officials lobbying for foreign governments. He wants to also prohibit foreign lobbyists from raising money for American elections. The proposals were outlined in his Contract With the American Voter. Investigate Hillary Clinton In one of the most startling moments in the 2016 presidential campaign, Trump promised to appoint a special prosecutor to investigate Hillary Clinton and the many controversies surrounding her. If I win, I am going to instruct my attorney general to get a special prosecutor to look into your situation, because there’s never been so many lies, so much deception,† Trump said during the second presidential debate. Trump later backed down, saying: â€Å"I don’t want to hurt the Clintons, I really don’t. She went through a lot and suffered greatly in many different ways, and I am not looking to hurt them at all. The campaign was vicious.†

History The World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History The World - Essay Example Competition for such resources as land marked top of the list. This is because the nomads made their temporary homes in favorable places. Being an arid area, water was scarce. Farmers always fought over the small rivers that provided water for the large numbers of tribes. In some cases, the nomads made the temporary homes along the rivers to feed and water their camels and other domestic animals. Other resources like pasture and climate contributed to the choice of temporary homes for the nomads. Again, the nomads held a notion that the settled communities were rich and had lots of private property. This led to raids and theft marking another cause of resentment. Skirmishes erupted from these raids and increased theft hence the war in Darfur. Illiteracy and poor conflict resolution skills led to increased fights among these two communities; hence the negative attitudes. According to Skuratowicz (4), Sudan’s pastoralist and nomadic thing has become more of a way of life than a choice. This has been caused by the tough climatic factors that the country faces ever since. Nomads and the already settled communities fight over grazing rights of their animals. The local governance has not been strong enough to help solve problems caused when nomads find way through the farmers land, and has led to even more conflicts and negative attitudes. Even though it is their duty to solve the problems and see to the needs of the citizens, it is almost evident that someone is sleeping on their job towards working against these causes of conflict and negative attitudes. In addition, during the colonization time, the colonizers grabbed and owned the best land then. This led to fights between the colonizers and the colonized. The people of Sudan are nomads in their own land. This is another obvious cause of resentment towards the settlers despite the fact that some obtained those fertile lands in a legitimate systematic way as is noted by

Project management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Project management - Coursework Example The Trans-Saharan gas pipeline (TGSP) is a project whose aim is to see Algeria and Nigeria team up in a bid to have a diversification of gas supplies to the European continent. Seen by many analysts as the most incredible venture in Africa, the two countries seek to connect the supply of natural gas at Algeria for further countries to benefit (Nwaoha and Wood 2014). Unknown to many people is that this project was first suggested in the 70s but it has encountered a myriad of challenges before its initiation. It was not until 2009 that ministers from the concerned countries met and agreed to have the project completed by 2015 (Seljom and Rosenberg 2011). However, this is yet to be achieved due to various hurdles standing in the way. Even though this was previously thought to be a Nigeria-Algeria affair, Niger could not be overlooked since the project had to pass through its territory. The project’s scope will see it start from Warri region- which is in Nigeria-, pass through Niger all the way to Hassi R’mel which is in Algeria. Once at R’mel, the project will then connect with the Trans-Mediterranean, Medgaz, Galsi and Maghreb pipelines that currently supply to many parts of Europe (Reymond 2007). In terms of length, the entire project is estimated to cover at least 4,128 km but for the Algerian part, which forms the basis of this Project initiation document, the scope is at 2,310 km. The objectives of this project includes expanding the natural gas market to the European countries, solidify the relations among the involved parties and seeking to find an ending market for the gas product. In addition to having an improved economy, other benefits that will be evident from this project include the strengthened unity of the countries and employment opportunities for a significant number of Algerians. Natural gas is one of the most consumed commodities in not only Europe but also globally (Engerer and Horn 2010) .The